Wireless Device Radiation and Health

Wireless Device Radiations and Health 

Introduction | Causes| Health Effects

                Precautions | Solution

The antennas contained in mobile phones, including smartphones, emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation; the parts of the head or body nearest to the antenna can absorb this energy and convert it to heat. Since at least the 1990s, scientists have researched whether the now-ubiquitous radiation associated with mobile phone antennas or cell phone towers is affecting human health. Mobile phone networks use various bands of RF frequency, some of which overlap with the microwave range. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation.

In response to public concern, the WHO established the International EMF Project in 1996 to assess the scientific evidence of possible health effects of EMF in the frequency range from 0 to 300 GHz. They have stated that although extensive research has been conducted into possible health effects of exposure to many parts of the frequency spectrum, all reviews conducted so far have indicated that, as long as exposures are below the limits recommended in the ICNIRP (1998) EMF guidelines, which cover the full frequency range from 0–300 GHz, such exposures do not produce any known adverse health effect. In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) an agency of the WHO, classified wireless radiation as Group 2B– possibly carcinogenic. That means that there "could be some risk" of carcinogenicity, so additional research into the long-term, heavy use of wireless devices needs to be conducted. The WHO states that "A large number of studies have been performed over the last two decades to assess whether mobile phones pose a potential health risk. To date, no adverse health effects have been established as being caused by mobile phone use. 

International guidelines on exposure levels to microwave frequency EMFs such as ICNIRP limit the power levels of wireless devices and it is uncommon for wireless devices to exceed the guidelines. 

A mobile phone connects to the telephone network by Radio waves exchanged with a local antenna and automated transceiver called a cellular basestation(cell site or cell tower). The service area served by each provider is divided into small geographical areas called cells, and all the phones in a cell communicate with that cell's antenna. Both the phone and the tower have radio transmitters which communicate with each other. Since in a cellular network the same radio channels are reused every few cells, cellular networks use low power transmitters to avoid radio waves from one cell spilling over and interfering with a nearby cell using the same frequencies.

Mobile phones are limited to an (EIRP) output of 3 watts, and the network continuously adjusts the phone transmitter to the lowest power consistent with good signal quality, reducing it to as low as one milliwatt when near the cell tower. Tower channel transmitters usually have an EIRP power output of around 50 watts. Even when it is not being used, unless it is turned off, a mobile phone periodically emits radio signals on its control channel, to keep contact with its cell tower and for functions like handing off the phone to another tower if the user crosses into another cell. When the user is making a call, the phone transmits a signal on a second channel which carries the user's voice. Existing 2G, 3G and 4G networks use frequencies in the UHF or low microwave bands, 600 MHz to 3.5 GHz. Many household wireless devices such as WiFi networks and baby monitors use other frequencies in this same frequency range.

Radio waves decrease rapidly in intensity by the inverse square of distance as they spread out from a transmitting antenna. So the phone transmitter, which is held close to the user's face when talking, is a much greater source of human exposure than the tower transmitter, which is typically at least hundreds of metres away from the user. A user can reduce their exposure by using a headset and keeping the phone itself further away from their body.

Next generation 5G cellular networks, which began deploying in 2019, use higher frequencies in or near the millimetre wave band, 24 to 52 GHz. Millimetre waves are absorbed by atmospheric gases so 5G networks will use smaller cells than previous cellular networks, about the size of a city block. Instead of a cell tower, each cell will use an array of multiple small antennas mounted on existing buildings and utility poles. In general, millimeter waves penetrate less deeply into biological tissue than microwaves, and are mainly absorbed within the first centimeter of the body surface.

Most wireless wan equipment is designed to work within predefined standards. Wireless access points are also often close to people, but the drop off in power over distance is fast, following the inverse square law. However, wireless laptops are typically used close to people. WiFi had been anecdotally linked to electromagnetic transmissions but research into electromagnetic hypersensitivity has found no systematic evidence supporting claims made by sufferers.

Users of wireless networking devices are typically exposed for much longer periods than for mobile phones and the strength of wireless devices is not significantly less. Whereas a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) phone can range from 21 dBm (125 mW) for Power Class 433 dBm (2W) for Power class 1, a wireless router can range from a typical 15 dBm (30 mW) strength to 27 dBm (500 mW) on the high end.

However, wireless routers are typically located significantly farther away from users' heads than a phone the user is handling, resulting in far less exposure overall. The Health Protection Agency(HPA) says that if a person spends one year in a location with a WiFi hot spot, they will receive the same dose of radio waves as if they had made a 20-minute call on a mobile phone.

The HPA's position is that "... radio frequency (RF) exposures from WiFi are likely to be lower than those from mobile phones." It also saw "... no reason why schools and others should not use WiFi equipment."  

Types of Disorders by Gadget Radiations: 

Cancer

There is no strong or consistent evidence that mobile phone use increases the risk of getting brain cancer or other head tumors. The United States National Cancer Institute points out that "Radiofrequency energy, unlike ionizing radiation, does not cause DNA damage that can lead to cancer. Its only consistently observed biological effect in humans is tissue heating. In animal studies, it has not been found to cause cancer or to enhance the cancer-causing effects of known chemical carcinogens." The majority of human studies have failed to find a link between mobile phone use and cancer. 

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Male Fertility

A decline in male sperm quality has been observed over several decades. Studies on the impact of mobile radiation on male fertility are conflicting, and the effects of the radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted by these devices on the reproductive systems are currently under active debate. A 2012 review concluded that "together, the results of these studies have shown that RF-EMR decreases sperm count and motility and increases oxidative stress". 

Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity

Some users of mobile phones and similar devices have reported feeling various non specific symptoms during and after use. Studies have failed to link any of these symptoms to electromagnetic exposure. In addition, EHS is not a recognized medical diagnosis.

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Glucose metabolism

According to the National Cancer institute, two small studies exploring whether and how mobile phone radiation affects brain glucose metabolism.

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Precautionary measures and Health Advisories:

In May 2011, the WHO'S International Agency for Research on Cancer announced it was classifying electromagnetic fields from mobile phones and other sources as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" and advised the public to adopt safety measures to reduce exposure, like use of hands-free devices or texting.

Some national radiation advisory authorities, including those of Austria, France and Sweden, have recommended measures to minimize exposure to their citizens. Examples of the recommendations are:

• Use hands-free to decrease the radiation to the head.
• Keep the mobile phone away from the body.
• Do not use telephone in a car without an external antenna.

The use of "hands-free" was not recommended by the British Consumer's Association in a statement in November 2000, as they believed that exposure was increased. However, measurements for the (then) UK Department of Trade and industry and others for the French showed substantial reductions. 

Several nations have advised moderate use of mobile phones for children.  In 2006 states that children receive higher levels of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). When 5- and 10-year olds are compared to adults, they receive about 153% higher SAR levels. Also, with the permitivity of the brain decreasing as one gets older and the higher relative volume of the exposed growing brain in children, radiation penetrates far beyond the mid brain.

For more information and queries comment below in comment section.


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Interesting facts about Bangalore

 

  Interesting Facts About Bangalore City 

1. Bangalore - A Megacity:

The city of Bangalore has a population of over 10 million, thus making it the third most populous city amongst essential towns in India and a megacity.

2. A Cool City With High Altitude:

Bangalore is located at an elevation of 900 m or 3000 ft on the Deccan Plateau, thus making it the city situated at the highest altitude among major cities in India.

3. The Godly City:

With more than a 1000 temples, 400 mosques, 100 churches, three Gurudwaras, two Buddhist viharas and even a fire temple, Bangalore classifies as a diverse city with various cultures and religions coexisting.

4. Historical Founding Stone:

A mud fort established by the ruler Kempe Gowda was known to be the foundation of modern-day Bengaluru.

5. Capital city of Karnataka:

Bangalore was initially the capital of Mysore State until Karnataka was formed in 1956. Then Bangalore was declared as Karnataka's capital.

6. The Title of Silicon Valley of India:

Bangalore is called the 'Silicon Valley of India' because of the growing IT sector and startups.

7. The Hub for Headquarters:

The Headquarters of some of India's largest companies such as Wipro, ISRO, Infosys, and HAL are located in Bangalore.

8. A Fast Growing City:

Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major city in India, owing to its diverse demographics.

9. The Hub for Education:

Many educational and research institutions like Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Indian Institute of Management (IIM Bangalore), Christ University, etc. are located in Bangalore.

10. The Center For Aerospace:

Bangalore is home to many aerospace organisations such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, and National Aerospace Laboratories.

11. Lights, Camera, Action!

Bangalore is also home to the vibrant Kannada Film Industry. And many famous actors like Deepika Padukone, Rajinikanth are from here.

12. Interesting Fact About Bangalore's Name:

The etymology of the name Bengaluru dates back to the 12th century, when King Veera Ballala got lost in a forest and was served boiled beans by an old woman he found there - thus naming the place 'Benda - Kal - Ooru' (the land of cooked beans), that changed to Bengaluru over time.

13. The City of Gardens:

Bangalore was given the title of the City of Gardens, because of the number of well-maintained gardens and parks in the city, for example - Lal Bagh, Cubbon Park, etc.

14. Pub Capital of the Country:

No one parties, like the people in Bangalore, do. With over 800 pubs and bars, Bangalore is called the Pub Capital of India.

15. Rock Capital of the Country:

Talking of partying, Bangalore is also well known for its underground music scene, with lots of local bands performing there. The city is also an accessible location for international music festivals and concerts. Hence, it's aptly titled the 'Rock/Metal Capital of India'

16. It's Vegan-friendly!

All animal lovers rejoice, as PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals) India called Bangalore India's most vegan-friendly city. It is home to many vegan restaurants.

17. A Festival for Literature:

'Bangalore Literature Festival', inaugurated in 2012, is the city's very own literature festival.

18. An Exhibition of Cartoons:

Bangalore houses India's only Cartoon Gallery that exhibits works by cartoonists across the country. It is organised by the Indian Institute of Cartoonists, in Bangalore.

19. Oldest Radio Club in the country:

India's oldest Radio Club - Bangalore Amateur Radio Club - was established in this city in 1959.

20. Ample access to the Internet:

Owing to a large number of IT companies, Bangalore has the most significant amount of broadband internet connections in the country.

For further more information comment in comment section.

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Biological Weapons & Bioterrorism

Bioweapons & Bioterrorism 

Introduction •  Bioterrorism 

   Biological Attack • History    

   Real Life examples • Conclusion 

Introduction>>

Biological weapons are microorganisms like virus, bacteria, fungi, or other toxins that are produced and released deliberately to cause disease and death in humans, animals or plants. 

Biological agents, like anthrax, botulinum toxin and plague can pose a difficult public health challenge causing large numbers of deaths in a short amount of time while being difficult to contain. Bioterrorism attacks could also result in an epidemic, for example if Ebola or Lassa viruses were used as the biological agents. 

Bioweapons is a subset of a larger class of weapons referred to as weapons of mass destruction, which also includes chemical, nuclear and radiological weapons. The use of biological agents is a serious problem, and the risk of using these agents in a bioterrorist attack is increasing. 

A biological attack by terrorists or a national power may seem more like a plot element in an action film than a realistic threat. And indeed, the possibility of such an attack may be very remote. Biological attacks, however, have occurred in the past, one as recently at 2001. Accordingly, a collection of U.S. government agencies are involved in planning responses to potential biological attacks.

Bioweapon threats could include the deliberate release by attackers of an agent that causes one or more of a variety of different diseases. Public health authorities have developed a system to prioritize biological agents according to their risk to national security. Category A agents are the highest priority, and these are disease agents that pose a risk to national security because they can be transmitted from person to person and/or result in high mortality, and/or have high potential to cause social disruption. These are anthrax, botulism (via botulinum toxin, which is not passable from person to person), plague, smallpox, tularemia, and a collection of viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Machupo. These disease agents exist in nature (with the exception of smallpox, which has been eradicated in the wild), but they could be manipulated to make them more dangerous.

Category B agents are moderately easy to disseminate and result in low mortality. These include brucellosis, glanders, Q fever, ricin toxin, typhus fever, and other agents. Category C agents include emerging disease agents that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future, such as Nipah virus. (This is from the CDC lists all Category A, B, and C agents. Note that chemical weapons, such as those involving nonbiological substances such as chlorine gas, are not included.)

The use of effective vaccines would likely protect lives and limit disease spread in a bioweapons emergency. Licensed vaccines are currently available for a few threats, such as anthrax and smallpox, and research is underway to develop and produce vaccines for other threats, such as tularemia, Ebola virus, and Marburg virus. Many bioweapon disease threats, however, lack a corresponding vaccine, and for those that do, significant challenges exist to their successful use in an emergency situation.

What Is a Bioterror Threat?

The draft Model State Emergency Health Powers Act of 2001, which is a document designed to guide legislative bodies as they draft laws regarding public health emergencies, has defined bioterrorism as “the intentional use of any microorganism, virus, infectious substance, or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology, or any naturally occurring or bioengineered component of any such microorganism, virus, infectious substance, or biological product, to cause death, disease, or other biological malfunction in a human, an animal, a plant, or another living organism in order to influence the conduct of government or to intimidate or coerce a civilian population.”

Biological warfare and bioterrorism are often used interchangeably, but bioterrorism usually refers to acts committed by a sub-national entity, rather than a country.

How Likely Is a Biological Attack to Happen?

Expert opinions differ on the plausibility of a biological attack. The U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence and the National Intelligence Council stated in 2008 that bioterrorism is a more likely threat than nuclear terrorism. That same year, U.S. Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell revealed that of all weapons of mass destruction, biological weapons were his personal greatest worry (McConnell, 2008).

Other defense experts and scientists insist that the possibility of any attack, especially a large-scale one, is small, given the immense challenges to cultivating, weaponizing, and deploying biological agents. For example, the technical difficulties in aerosolizing a disease agent and dispersing it accurately and widely while maintaining its virulence are immense. Regardless, most biosecurity experts acknowledge that the potential of an attack should not be ignored. Moreover, preparations for a biological attack will likely benefit the response to other kinds of public health emergencies.

History-

Bioweapons are not just a 21st century concern: humans have used infectious agents in conflicts for hundreds of years. Below are a few examples.

• In a 1336 attempt to infect besieged city dwellers, Mongol attackers in what is now the Ukraine used catapults to hurl the bodies of bubonic plague victims over the city walls of Caffa.
• Tunisian forces used plague-tainted clothing as a weapon in the 1785 siege of La Calle.

• British officers discussed plans to intentionally transmit smallpox to Native Americans during Pontiac’s Rebellion near Fort Pitt (present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) in 1763. It is not clear whether they actually carried out these plans. But, whatever its source, smallpox did spread among Natives Americans in the area during and after that rebellion.
• The Japanese used plague as a biological weapon during the Sino-Japanese War in the late 1930s and 1940s. They filled bombs with plague-infected fleas and dropped them from airplanes onto two Chinese cities; they also used cholera and shigella as weapons in other attacks. An estimated 580,000 Chinese people died as a result of the Japanese bioweapons program (Martin et al., 2007).

Some of the recent examples are:

1》Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax)- 

Bacillus anthracis bacteria, which causes anthrax, is one of the most deadly agents to be used as a biological weapon. It is classified by the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a Category A agent, posing a significant risk to national security. The gram-positive, rod-shaped anthrax spores are found naturally in soil, can be produced in a lab, and last for a long time in the environment.

Anthrax has been used as a bio-weapon for about a century mixed with powders, sprays, food and water. The invisible, infectious, odourless and tasteless spores make Anthrax a flexible bio-weapon. Letters containing powdered anthrax spores were intentionally mailed through the US postal system in 2001 affecting 22 people of which five died.

 2》Botulinum toxin-

Botulinum is relatively easy to produce and has extreme potency and lethality. It can be distributed via aerosol or by contamination of water and food supplies. A gram of Botulinum toxin can kill more than a million people if inhaled. A Japanese biological warfare group is known to have infected war prisoners with C botulinum toxins during the occupation of Manchuria.

Botulism is a serious muscle-paralysing disease caused by a nerve toxin produced by a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. The bacteria are found naturally in forest soils, bottom sediments of lakes and streams and the intestinal tracts of some fish and animals.

 3》Variola major (Smallpox)-

Variola major virus causes Smallpox, a highly contagious and infectious disease that has no cure and can be only prevented by vaccination. Smallpox is believed to have been used as a biological weapon against Native Americans and again during the American Revolutionary War.

 4》Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)-

Extreme infectiousness, ease of dispersion, and ability to cause illness and death make Francisella tularensis bacterium a dangerous bio-weapon. People affected with Francisella tularensis experience symptoms including skin ulcer, fever, cough, vomiting and diarrhoea. Dr. Kenneth Alibek, a former scientist involved in the Soviet Union’s bio-weapons programme revealed the use of Tularensis by the Soviet Red Army against German troops in the battle of Stalingrad during World War II.

 5》Ebola Virus-

Ebola was first discovered in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and is transmitted to humans from wild animals, causing an average case fatality rate of 50%.

Ebola as a bioweapon poses a great threat to humans because of its high case-fatality rate. It was allegedly produced as a biological weapon by the Soviet Union under a five-year plan implemented between 1986 and 1990, but evidence of it actually being used has not been found.

 6》Yersinia pestis (plague)-

Yersinia pestis bacterium, a CDC Category A organism causing pneumonic plague, can be created in a laboratory in high quantity for use as bioweapon.

Plague has been intentionally used as a weapon since the 14th century. The Japanese Army dropped plague-infected fleas over populated areas in China and Manchuria in World War II and Soviet scientists successfully produced large quantities of antibiotic-resistant plague organisms suitable for weapons during the 1980s.

              

 7》Marburg Virus-

Marburg virus of the filovirus family, which also includes the Ebola virus. Marburg virus is also a Category A bio-warfare agent identified by the CDC’s classification system and is hosted in African fruit bat. The virus can be isolated and produced as a biological weapon.

 8》Bunyavirus-

The Bunyaviridae family of viruses includes three viruses – Nairovirus, Phlebovirus and Hantavirus. Korean haemorrhagic fever caused by Hantavirus broke out during the Korean War when an estimated 3,000 American and Korean soldiers became infected with the disease, but evidence of its direct usage as a biological weapon has not been found.

             

 9》Aflatoxin-

Aflatoxins, a number of structurally associated harmful metabolites developed by certain strains of fungi, lead to cell or organ death, Cirrhosis liver disease resulting in liver failure and cancer.

The United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) in 1995 specified Iraq’s production and deployment of different munitions with Aflatoxin which were destroyed after the Gulf War.

Conclusion>>

A biological attack by terrorists or an unfriendly nation is a remote possibility that nevertheless demands public health emergency response planning. Several multi-agency simulations have exposed weaknesses in systems designed to respond to biological emergencies. These exercises have helped to focus planning efforts on the need for emergency plans to address the potential for a large bioweapons event to overwhelm medical capabilities, cause widespread illness and death, and lead to economic and social disruption. The successful deployment of vaccines, antibodies, and other medications in a bioweapon event will depend on a number factors, such as how many people the attack has the potential to harm, the stability of the transportation system in an emergency, the availability of viable vaccine and drugs, and the ability of the public health system to communicate with the public and get the vaccines and medications into the people who need them.

If you have any queries comment in the comments section.

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Malnutrition: What you need to know??

        Malnutrition: What you                     need to know?? 

 Malnutrition?? |Symptoms |

Causes | Risk Factors | Diagnosis |

Prevention | Treatment |

Malnutrition refers to when a person’s diet does not provide enough nutrients or the right balance of nutrients for optimal health.

Causes of malnutrition include inappropriate dietary choices, a low income, difficulty obtaining food, and various physical and mental health conditions.

Undernutrition is one type of malnutrition. It occurs when the body does not get enough food. It can lead to delayed growth, low weight, or wasting.

If a person does not get the right balance of nutrients, they can also have malnutrition. It is possible to have obesity with malnutrition.

When a person has too little food, a limited diet, or a condition that stops their body from obtaining the right balance of nutrients, it can have a severe impact on their health. In some cases, this can become life threatening.

This article looks at malnutrition in detail, including the causes, symptoms, and treatments associated with it.

Malnutrition occurs when a person gets too much or too little of certain nutrients.

Undernutrition occurs when they lack nutrients because they eat too little food overall.

A person with undernutrition may lack vitamins , minerals, and other essential substances that their body needs to function.

Malnutrition can lead to:

• Short- and long-term health problems
• Slow recovery from wounds and illnesses
• A higher risk of infection
• Difficulty focusing at work or school

Some deficiencies can trigger specific health problems. For example:

   Lack of vitamin A:

Around the world, many children develop vision problems due to a lack of vitamin A.

   Lack of vitamin C:

A lack of vitamin C can result in scurvy. Scurvy is rare in the United States, but it can develop if a person does not have a varied diet with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables.

Older adults, young children, those who consume a lot of alcohol, and some people with certain mental health conditions may be particularly at risk.

    An overall deficiency:

Lacking all nutrients can lead to kwashiorkor, which is a “severe form of malnutrition.” One symptom of this condition is a distended abdomen.

Marasmus is another potential result of severe nutritional deficiency. A person with marasmus will have very little muscle or fat on their body.

        Symptoms--

Some signs and symptoms of malnutrition include:

• A lack of appetite or interest in food or drink.
• Tiredness and irritability.
• An inability to concentrate.
• Always feeling cold.
• Depression 
• Loss of fat, muscle mass, and body tissue.
• A higher risk of getting sick and taking longer to heal.
• Longer healing time for wounds.
• A higher risk of complications after surgery.

Eventually, a person may also experience difficulty breathing and heartfailure.

In children, theremaybe:

• A lack of growth and low body weight.
• Tiredness and a lack of energy.
• Irritability  and anxiety.
• Slow behavioral and intellectual development, possibly resulting in learning difficulties.

Treatment is possible. In some cases, however, malnutrition can have long-term effects.

Anorexia nervosa is a mental health condition that can lead to severe malnutrition. Learn more about it here.

     Causes:

Malnutrition can occur for variousreasons. The sections below outline these potential causes in more detail.

      Low intake of food:

Some people develop malnutrition because there is not enough food available or because they have difficulty eating or absorbing nutrients.

This can happen as a result of:

• Cancer. 
• Liver disease.
• Conditions that cause nausea or make it difficult to eat or swallow.
• Taking  medications that make eating difficult — due to nausea, for example:

Mouth problems such as badly fitting dentures may also contribute to malnutrition.

    Mental health conditions--

Undernutrition or malnutrition can affect people with:

• Depression
• Dementia 
• Schizophrenia 
• Anorexia nervosa

  Social and mobility problems:

Factors that can affect a person’s eating habits and potentially lead to malnutrition include:

• Being unable to leave the house or reach a store to buy food.
• Finding it physically difficult to prepare meals.
• Living alone, which can affect a person’s motivation to cook and eat.
• Having limited cooking skills.
• Not having enough money to spend on food.

 Digestive disorders and stomach conditions--

If the body does not absorb nutrients efficiently, even a healthful diet may not prevent malnutrition.

Examples of digestive and stomach conditions that may cause this include:

• Crohn's disease 
• Ulcerative colitis
• Celiac disease 
• Persistent diarrhea, vomiting, or both

    Alcohol use disorder:

Consuming a lot of alcohol can lead to gastritis or long-term damage to the pancreas. These issues can make it hard to digest food, absorb vitamins, and produce hormones that regulate metabolism.

Alcohol also contains calories, so a person may not feel hungry after drinking it. They may therefore not eat enough healthful food to supply the body with essential nutrients.

      Risk factors:

In some parts of the world, widespread and long-term malnutrition can result from a lack of food.

In the wealthier nations, however, those most at risk of malnutrition include:

• Older adults, especially when they are in the hospital or long-term institutional care. 
• People who are socially isolated — for example, due to mobility issues, health problems, or other factors.
• People with a low income.
• People recovering from or living with a serious illness or condition.
• Those who have difficulty absorbing nutrients.
• People with chronic eating disorders such as bulimia or anorexia nervosa.

Some people may need to take supplements if they follow a specific diet. Which supplements are good for a person following vegan diet? Find out here.

       Diagnosis--

If a person shows or notices any signs of malnutrition, the first step will be to find out why.

If a doctor suspects Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, or another condition, they may carry out laboratory tests confirm a diagnosis. Treating these conditions can improve a person’s nutritional status.

They may also carry out the following:

• Blood tests for general screening and monitoring. 
• Tests for specific nutrients, such as iron or vitamins.
• Prealbumin tests, as malnutrition commonly affects levels of this protein.
• Albumin tests, which may indicate liver or kidney disease.

        Tool to identify risk:

Some tools can help identify people who have or are at risk of malnutrition.

One way to assess adults is by using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). Research has shown this to be a reliable tool.

Experts designed this tool to identify adults, especially older adults, with malnourishment or a high risk of malnutrition. It is a five-step plan that can help healthcare providers diagnose and treat these conditions.

The five steps are as follows:

Step 1: Measure a person’s height and weight, calculate their body mass index (BMI), and provide a score.

Step 2: Note the percentage of unplanned weight loss and provide a score. For example, an unplanned loss of 5–10% would give a score of 1, while a 10% loss would score 2.

Step 3: Identify any mental or physical health conditions and provide a score. For example, if a person has been acutely ill and taken no food for over 5 days, the score will be 3.

Step 4: Add the scores from steps 1, 2, and 3 to obtain an overall risk score.

Step 5: Use local guidelines to develop a care plan based on the score.

The score will be one of the following:

• Low risk: 0
• Medium risk: 1
• High risk: 2 or more

Doctors only use MUST to identify overall malnutrition or the risk of malnutrition in adults. The test will not identify specific nutritional imbalances or deficiencies.

Nutritional-deficiency anaemia can result if a person’s diet cannot provide the nutrients they need. Learn more about it here.

      Treatment:

If a doctor diagnoses malnutrition, they will make a treatment plan for the person. The person may also need to meet with a nutritionist and other healthcare providers.

Treatment will depend on the severity of the malnutrition and the presence of any other underlying conditions or complications.

It may include:

• Ongoing screening and monitoring. 
• Making a dietary plan, which might include taking supplements.
• Treating specific symptoms, such as nausea.
• Treating any infections that may be present.
• Checking for any mouth or swallowing problems.
• Suggesting alternative eating utensils.

In severe cases, a person may need to:

• Spend time in the hospital.
• Gradually  start taking in nutrients over a number of days.
• Receive nutrients such as potassium and calcium intravenously.

The person’s healthcare team will continue to monitor them to ensure that they are getting the nutrition they need.

If you have any queries comment in the comments section.

Final conclusion is that we get to eat food everyday but is this same with people around us. Have you ever thought about it? How cruel is this? Childrens die because their families can't afford food for them. We people waste food and eat food at costly hotels just to show status but in that same  money,  some can afford their yearly food. We just need to to think twice on this topic.


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